摘要:英語作為安徽專升本考試中必考科目,是每個(gè)升本人必須攻克的一關(guān),其中最難的莫過于作文了,在英語寫作中,杜絕語法錯(cuò)誤很重要,今天小易總結(jié)了19個(gè)常見語法誤區(qū),詳情請(qǐng)往下看:
英語作為安徽專升本考試中必考科目,是每個(gè)升本人必須攻克的一關(guān),其中最難的莫過于作文了,在英語寫作中,杜絕語法錯(cuò)誤很重要,今天小易總結(jié)了19個(gè)常見語法誤區(qū),詳情請(qǐng)往下看:
1.冠詞使用錯(cuò)誤
不可數(shù)名詞一般不加冠詞,可數(shù)名詞一般來說要么是復(fù)數(shù),要么一定加冠詞(a,an,the),但有些泛指的情況也可以不加冠詞。
如:Man is mortal.人固有一死。(這句話中man就是泛指人類)定冠詞the使用要小心,注意是泛指還是特指,特指才用the,如果前文出現(xiàn)過,再次出現(xiàn)也用the。
Pollution is the biggest problem of the cities.此處cities是泛指城市,而不是特定的幾個(gè)城市,所以應(yīng)去掉cities前面的the。
2.名詞可數(shù)與不可數(shù)的誤用
注意名詞的可數(shù)與不可數(shù)性,需要平時(shí)通過多寫多練來積累。例如In modern society,people are under various pressures.
這里的pressure是不可數(shù)名詞,不能加復(fù)數(shù),可以通過前面加kind的復(fù)數(shù)來表示多種壓力。
改正為:In modern society,people are under various kinds of pressure.
3.動(dòng)詞及物與不及物的誤用
及物動(dòng)詞后面必須要跟賓語,不及物動(dòng)詞后面不能直接跟賓語,需要通過介詞。
比如:(1)The high way happens a car accident.
(2)A car accident is happened on the high way.
Happen為不及物動(dòng)詞,以上兩個(gè)句子都是不對(duì)的,第一句錯(cuò)在直接跟了賓語,第二句錯(cuò)在用了被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
可以改正為:A car accident happens/happened on the high way.
需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,不及物動(dòng)詞不能使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如:
The traffic accident was taken place at the junction of two highways.
這句話是錯(cuò)誤的,因?yàn)閠ake place是不及物動(dòng)詞詞組,所以不能使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
需要改為主動(dòng)的時(shí)態(tài),如下:
The traffic accident took place at the junction of two highways.
4.代詞使用混亂(指代不清)
很多考生習(xí)慣性地使用代詞來指代前文提到的人或者事物,但是往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)指代不清楚造成語義不通。如:
Lynn and her husband bought a house in nearby Grey Street at a very low price.It was cheap partly because it was falling down.
這里的it就指代不清楚,讓人分不清導(dǎo)致是指上文的房子還是街道,所以要使用the house指代上文的那個(gè)house,第二個(gè)it可以保留。
5.be動(dòng)詞亂用
因考生會(huì)下意識(shí)地將中文一字一句的對(duì)應(yīng)翻譯成英文,所以經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)下面的情況。
“他們是要去…他是在考慮...他們有人是在努力去…”就翻譯成了:“They are want to…,He is consider…,Some of them are make great efforts to…”
想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為只要自己的中文有個(gè)“是”就在動(dòng)詞前面加個(gè)be,這種想法是不可取的,要梳理出真正的句意,be動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞原形只能保留一個(gè),上面幾個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的句子都要把be動(dòng)詞去掉,同時(shí)注意后面的動(dòng)詞原形是否要有時(shí)態(tài)或單復(fù)數(shù)的變化。另外,這里很明確地告訴各位——be動(dòng)詞之后只能跟動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞!
如:He is thinking about…
Measures are taken…
6.介詞后直接加動(dòng)詞原形
介詞之后要接名詞(或者名詞性的詞、短語以及句子),不能是動(dòng)詞原形也很少能直接加句子。注意:to do不定式中的to不是介詞,只是不定式的符號(hào),沒有詞義。
如:The purpose of this picture is to remind us of the problem of refuse to look after the old.
此句中第二個(gè)of是介詞,因此refuse應(yīng)該變?yōu)閞efusing,這樣句子才正確。
The purpose of this picture is to remind us of the problem of people refuse to look after the old.
介詞之后很少能直接帶從句,只有一些特殊情況。如果一定要寫句子,在of后面加個(gè)the fact that再引導(dǎo)從句即可。
7.詞性誤用,尤其是形容詞和副詞
如:It is my point that reading must be selectively.
這個(gè)句子中,reading是動(dòng)名詞,本質(zhì)已經(jīng)是名詞了,所以需要用形容詞來修飾,應(yīng)該是selective。
其他常見的誤用的詞有hard和fast,這兩個(gè)詞本身就既有形容詞詞性,又有副詞詞性,很多考生會(huì)誤用為hardly,fastly。hardly雖然有這個(gè)詞,但是是“幾乎不”的意思,不是“刻苦的”意思了,而fastly就是個(gè)不存在的單詞。
還有一部分介詞和動(dòng)詞形式比較接近,也容易被誤用,如:The old man was hit by a car when he across the street.
本句中across是介詞,不能當(dāng)做謂語動(dòng)詞來使用,應(yīng)該用cross,才是動(dòng)詞“穿過“的意思,所以應(yīng)當(dāng)改為:
The old man was hit by a car when he was crossing the street.
8.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的誤用
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后一定要用動(dòng)詞原形,而且情態(tài)動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)做謂語。
例如:They should spent much time.這句話里面的spent應(yīng)該改為動(dòng)詞原形spend。
再比如:It may not good to our health.這里的may不能單獨(dú)做謂語動(dòng)詞,需要加一個(gè)動(dòng)詞be才是正確的句子。
此外,很多考生還會(huì)把maybe和may be混淆使用,maybe是一個(gè)單詞,詞性為副詞,意思是“可能,也許”,如:Maybe they will find him.Who knows?
而may be是兩個(gè)單詞,may在這里做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示“可能,也許”的意思,be動(dòng)詞作為謂語動(dòng)詞來構(gòu)成句子。
9.不同時(shí)態(tài)謂語動(dòng)詞變化錯(cuò)誤
考試寫作需要用到的時(shí)態(tài)一般不會(huì)超出我們所說的五種基本時(shí)態(tài),分別是:
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、一般將來時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。需要掌握五種時(shí)態(tài)的變化規(guī)律,我們通過一個(gè)簡單的句子來說明:
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):I buy a new computer./He buys a new computer.
一般過去時(shí):He bought a new computer.
一般將來時(shí):He will buy a new computer./He is going to a new computer.
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):He is buying a new computer.
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):He has bought a new computer.
10.動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)的誤用,前后不一致
例如:I was walking along the road,and there are not so many cars on the street.(誤)
I was walking along the road,and there were not so many vehicles on the street.(正)
這個(gè)例句中前面是was walking,所以后面也要用相應(yīng)的過去進(jìn)行時(shí)were,同一個(gè)句子里,沒有特殊情況,前后時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)要保持一致的。
11.被動(dòng)語態(tài)使用錯(cuò)誤,尤其是不及物動(dòng)詞和系動(dòng)詞
不及物動(dòng)詞和系動(dòng)詞是沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)的,這個(gè)一定要注意。
常見的不及物動(dòng)詞有happen,appear,occur,take place等等,比如:
This car accident is similar to the one that was happened last month.
這里使用was happened就是錯(cuò)誤的,不是被發(fā)生,而是發(fā)生(注意中英文語言習(xí)慣的不同)。
還有一類是實(shí)意動(dòng)詞做系動(dòng)詞,如“l(fā)ook,feel,taste,seem,smell,prove”等,比如:
This new chair is felt better than the old one.
這里feel是系動(dòng)詞,不能用被動(dòng),直接用主動(dòng)feels better。The handbook is proven useful.這本手冊(cè)證明很有用。
這里的prove是系動(dòng)詞,不能用被動(dòng)語態(tài),應(yīng)該改為The handbook proves useful.
12.主謂不一致,主要是第三人稱單數(shù)忘記變化
這個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)很簡單,但是在考試寫作的時(shí)候很多人卻容易忽略這一點(diǎn),需要引起大家的注意。因?yàn)闈h語中沒有數(shù)的變化,所以很多時(shí)候大家很容易把三單忽略,并且比較容易出錯(cuò)的是在結(jié)合了分詞和從句的長句里,尤其是在圖表題中第一段描繪圖畫的時(shí)候。如:
The old man,like a football,who wear(應(yīng)該是wears)a sad expression on his face,are(應(yīng)該是is)kicked away by his own children.
除此之外,還有系動(dòng)詞的使用,也要跟隨主語的單復(fù)數(shù)變化來變化。如:
An increasing number of people is sending their children to different art classes.
這里的is就是錯(cuò)誤的,應(yīng)該是are。
13.副詞直接通過逗號(hào)連接兩個(gè)句子(連接詞誤用)
Many people like shopping online,for example,they buy shoes,books and mobile phones on the Internet.這是不行的,只有連接詞才可以。
一個(gè)句子有且只能有一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞(用并列連詞連接除外),一個(gè)句子里兩個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)更是必錯(cuò)無疑。在這里for example不是并列連詞,要把for example前面的逗號(hào)改成分號(hào)或者句號(hào)才是正確的句子(也就是說拆分為兩個(gè)句子)。
再比如:Many people like shopping online,such as they buy shoes,books and mobile phones on the Internet.
這里such as是介詞詞性,后面要帶名詞,而不能帶句子。however,therefore,then,even,hence,thus等都不是并列連詞,不要用他們通過逗號(hào)直接連接句子。
如果非要用他們接句子,注意是句子,除了前面用分號(hào)或干脆改成句號(hào),還可以加個(gè)and等并列連詞,改為并列句。比如:He was tired and therefore he stopped running.
14.從句結(jié)構(gòu)不完整
有了that就表示從句開始了,除非that表示“那個(gè)”。從句也是句子,that后面只有個(gè)名詞詞組,或者that后面的句子沒有主語,這都是錯(cuò)誤的。
如:(1)The picture shows that an old man who is kicked around by his children.
紅色部分是句子嗎?不是,只是一個(gè)名詞詞組,后面由who引導(dǎo)的從句只是修飾前面的old man而已,改正方法是把who去掉。
(2)The chart above illustrates that the change in the number of people who live in cities and rural areas.
同樣,紅色部分只是一個(gè)名詞,后面的是定語從句來修飾這個(gè)名詞的。
既然只是名詞不是句子,就需要把前面的that去掉,讓紅字部分作為句子的賓語。
(3)What can be inferred(推斷)from the picture is that is prevalent(普遍的)in our society.
這句話讀下來讓人不明白到底什么東西是普遍的,原因在于that后面少了主語。記?。哼@里的that不是從句的主語,它只是表語從句的引導(dǎo)詞,并且不可以省略,可以在that之后添加this phenomenon.
15.把從句直接當(dāng)成獨(dú)立的句子使用
最常見的錯(cuò)誤方式是從句后面的逗號(hào)直接寫成了句號(hào),一個(gè)小小的不注意,就會(huì)引起整個(gè)句子的錯(cuò)誤。比如:
As is shown in the picture.An old man lies on the ground.They refuse to take care of the old man.Because they are selfish.
With the development of our society.People’s living standard has been greatly improved.
The number in developing countries increased rapidly from 100 in 1999 to 200 in 2010.While the number is developed countries remained stable.
As,because,with,while等詞后面引導(dǎo)的是從句(或狀語結(jié)構(gòu)),從句顧名思義就是處于從屬地位,是不能獨(dú)立存在的。因此用了句號(hào)之后變?yōu)楠?dú)立的句子是錯(cuò)誤的,必須從屬于一個(gè)主句。應(yīng)該把中間的句號(hào)改成逗號(hào),同時(shí)注意大小寫。
16.句子結(jié)構(gòu)疊置(從句主句混亂)
一個(gè)簡單句有且只能有一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞,其他的動(dòng)詞要么是出現(xiàn)在從句里,要么是以非謂語動(dòng)詞的形式出現(xiàn)(to do,v+ing,v+ed)!There are many students like to use this computer.
本句中出現(xiàn)了are和like兩個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞,改正方法如下:
?。?)在like前面加who/that,把like變?yōu)閺木渲械闹^語動(dòng)詞;
?。?)把like變?yōu)閘iking,現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語;
?。?)把there are去掉,變?yōu)闆]有從句的簡單句。
同樣的句子有:
There are still many problems should be noted and resolved.這里可去掉There are或者在should前面加that。
17.中文表達(dá)習(xí)慣帶入英文中
很多中文的表達(dá)直接搬到英文中,雖然語法上看起來沒有錯(cuò)誤,但是卻不符合英文的邏輯。例如:
Now 6000 Yuan can buy a new computer.應(yīng)該改為Now you can buy a new computer with 6000 Yuan.
I think there is no relation between numbers and luck.應(yīng)該改為I don’t think there is any relation between numbers and luck.
18.句子成分多余,累贅復(fù)雜
部分考生過分追求套用長句和復(fù)雜句,造成文章生澀難讀。這樣做一方面會(huì)容易犯句子結(jié)構(gòu)的錯(cuò)誤,另一方面造成表意不順暢。建議長短句結(jié)合使用。如:
This picture aims to tell us the truth that there is a thought-provoking phenomenon is very common in our society and reminds us that we shouldn’t ignore the fact that we are confused with so many choices,and each of which leads to a different result.
錯(cuò)誤1:phenomenon后面的從句少了主語,可以在is前面加which改正;
錯(cuò)誤2:and each of which leads to a different result,這句話不是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子,不用加and;
例句中各種從句混雜交錯(cuò),一不小心就會(huì)出現(xiàn)上述錯(cuò)誤,讀起來也非常不順。因此完全可以拆成幾個(gè)短句子,長短交錯(cuò),才能使得行文更加流暢。
如:This picture shows that this thought-provoking phenomenon is very common in our society,and also reminds us that we are confused with so many choices.As we all know,each choice will lead to a different result.
19.表達(dá)過于絕對(duì)
很多時(shí)候考生在寫文章的時(shí)候?yàn)榱思訌?qiáng)語氣,往往把事實(shí)描述的過于絕對(duì),這樣就造成邏輯不嚴(yán)密,甚至造成表達(dá)錯(cuò)誤。
例如:With the development of modern transportation,you can get to any place by plane,by car,or by ship.如果說可以到達(dá)任何地方,那珠峰呢,深海呢,是通過這些方式抵達(dá)的嗎?
所以應(yīng)該把a(bǔ)ny place換成most places on the earth,如下:With the development of modern transportation,you can get to most places on the earth by plane,by car,or by ship.